Toggling an LED on a Kinetis K70 board

by Crossware 23. March 2016 12:32

Toggling a pin is one of the first things to do on a new microcontroller board.

Our board has an LED on port B pin 18 and the C code for toggling that pin is shown below.

The program is built to run in the SRAM of the K70 microcontroller avoiding the need to over-write anything in the on-chip flash memory.

main()
{
    // disable the watchdog timer
    g_pWDOG->UNLOCK = 0XC520;
    g_pWDOG->UNLOCK = 0XD928;
    g_pWDOG->STCTRLH &= ~WDOG_WDOGEN;
    // enable the PORTB module
    g_pSIM->SCGC5 |= SCGC5_PORTB;
    // set PTB18 to ALT1 (GPIO)
    g_pPORTB->PCR18 &= ~(PORT_MUX0 | PORT_MUX1 | PORT_MUX2);
    g_pPORTB->PCR18 |= 1 << 8;
    // set PTB18 as an output
    g_pGPIOB->PDDR = 1 << 18;
    while (1)
    {
        // toggle the PTB18
        g_pGPIOB->PTOR = 1 << 18;
        for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++);
    }
}

 

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Accessing on-chip memory from Javascript

by Crossware 27. February 2015 09:59

Today we updated the jState support within our Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 extensions to allow access to on-chip memory from Javascript.

The jState code creation wizard for the on-chip memory (accessible by right clicking on the Javascript file) will tell you what functions are available.

The image below shows code that it has created for us to set the on-chip memory read and write addresses to 0XE0000 and the increment on both read and write to 2.  (To increase the read or write address by 2 after each read or write.)

 

 

Clicking on Insert inserts this code into our Javascript file:

jState.onchipmemory.readaddress = 0X000E0000;
jState.onchipmemory.writeaddress = 0X000E0000;
jState.onchipmemory.readincrement = 2;
jState.onchipmemory.writeincrement = 2;


Our intension is to write a table of values into the on-chip flash memory sector at 0XE0000 - our simulating firmware is expecting this table to be in place at startup. So with a bit of manual editing we have the following Javascipt code:

console.clear();

PopulateTable()


function PopulateTable() {
    var TableData = [
        33, 38, 39, 44, 53, 55, 64, 69, 70, 75,
        156, 161, 162, 167, 176, 178, 187, 192, 193, 198,
        283, 288, 289, 294, 303, 305, 314, 319, 320, 325,
        411, 416, 417, 422, 431, 433, 442, 447, 448, 453,
        546, 551, 552, 557, 566, 568, 577, 582, 583, 589,
        661, 666, 667, 672, 681, 683, 692, 697, 698, 703]
    jState.onchipmemory.readaddress = 0X000E0000;
    jState.onchipmemory.writeaddress = 0X000E0000;
    jState.onchipmemory.readincrement = 2;
    jState.onchipmemory.writeincrement = 2;
    for (var i = 0; i < 60; i++) {
        jState.onchipmemory.value16 = TableData[i];
    }
    console.log("TableData written to flash:");
    for (var i = 0; i < 60; i++) {
        if ((i % 10) == 0) {
            console.log("\n");
        }
        console.log(jState.onchipmemory.value16 + ",");
    }
}

When step into the simulator we can see that the data has been written into the correct memory locations:

 

By the way, to create the initial Javascript file select File->New and in the Files tab select Javascript Source File.  The Embedded Development Studio will populate the file name field for you so just click OK.

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Development Suite for ARM Enhancements

by Crossware 20. February 2015 09:32

The GUI parts of our Development Suite for ARM have been rebuilt using Microsoft's Visual Studio 2013.  That's over 80 DLLs as well as the Embedded Development Studio executable itself and so it was not an insignificant task.

For the embedded developer, this brings two major benefits:

1. The simulator can be graphically extended using Microsoft's latest Visual Studio 2013, including the free Community edition

2. The Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 simulations can also be extended using state-of-the art Javascript (see jState)

Unforunately it does mean leaving behind operating systems prior to Windows XP - the minimum requirement for these latest editions of the Development Suite for ARM is Windows XP SP3.

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More on Soft Switches of the ADSP-CM408F EZ-KIT Lite Board

by Crossware 27. August 2014 10:07

Continuing with my theme of yesterday where I wrote to the U40 MSP23017 soft switch chip to enable SW4 and SW5, I will show you how to read the register values from this U40 chip.

I've created two subroutines - WriteRegisterValue() and ReadRegisterValue() to make the main function clearer.

You will see below that I am writing to register 0X15 which is the output latch OLATB register whereas yesterday I wrote to register 0X13 GPIOB. But if you read back the value of register 0X13 after you have written to it, you do not see the value that you have written.  Instead you have to read OLATB to see this value.  The MSP23017 data sheet explains that a write to GPIOB is actually a write to OLATB and a read of GPIOB reads the port pins.  So to avoid confusion, I write directly to OLATB instead.

#include "xstdsys.h"

unsigned char regValues[0X16];

void WriteRegisterValue(unsigned char address, unsigned char value)
{
    g_pTWI0->MSTRCTL &= ~(TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT0 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT1 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT2 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT3 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT4 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT5 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT6 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT7);
    g_pTWI0->MSTRCTL |= 0X02 << 6;    // transmit 2 bytes
    g_pTWI0->MSTRCTL &= ~TWI_MSTRCTL_DIR;    // transmit
    g_pTWI0->TXDATA8 = address;
    g_pTWI0->MSTRCTL |= TWI_MSTRCTL_EN;
    while (g_pTWI0->FIFOSTAT & (TWI_FIFOSTAT_TXSTAT0 | TWI_FIFOSTAT_TXSTAT1));
    while ((g_pTWI0->ISTAT & TWI_ISTAT_TXSERV) == 0);
    g_pTWI0->ISTAT = TWI_ISTAT_TXSERV;
    g_pTWI0->TXDATA8 = value;
    while ((g_pTWI0->ISTAT & TWI_ISTAT_MCOMP) == 0);
    g_pTWI0->ISTAT = TWI_ISTAT_TXSERV | TWI_ISTAT_MCOMP;
}

unsigned char ReadRegisterValue(unsigned char address)
{
    // send register address
    g_pTWI0->MSTRCTL &= ~(TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT0 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT1 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT2 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT3 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT4 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT5 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT6 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT7);
    g_pTWI0->MSTRCTL |= 0X01 << 6;    // 1 byte
    g_pTWI0->MSTRCTL &= ~TWI_MSTRCTL_DIR;    // transmit
    g_pTWI0->TXDATA8 = address;
    g_pTWI0->MSTRCTL |= TWI_MSTRCTL_EN;
    while (g_pTWI0->FIFOSTAT & (TWI_FIFOSTAT_TXSTAT0 | TWI_FIFOSTAT_TXSTAT1));
    while ((g_pTWI0->ISTAT & TWI_ISTAT_TXSERV) == 0);
    while ((g_pTWI0->ISTAT & TWI_ISTAT_MCOMP) == 0);
    g_pTWI0->ISTAT = TWI_ISTAT_TXSERV | TWI_ISTAT_MCOMP;

    // read value
    g_pTWI0->MSTRCTL &= ~(TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT0 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT1 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT2 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT3 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT4 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT5 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT6 | TWI_MSTRCTL_DCNT7);
    g_pTWI0->MSTRCTL |= 0X01 << 6;    // 1 byte
    g_pTWI0->MSTRCTL |= TWI_MSTRCTL_DIR;    // receive
    g_pTWI0->MSTRCTL |= TWI_MSTRCTL_EN;
    while ((g_pTWI0->FIFOSTAT & TWI_FIFOSTAT_RXSTAT0) == 0);
    while ((g_pTWI0->ISTAT & TWI_ISTAT_MCOMP) == 0);
    g_pTWI0->ISTAT = TWI_ISTAT_RXSERV | TWI_ISTAT_MCOMP;
    return (unsigned char)g_pTWI0->RXDATA8;
}

main()
{
    g_pTWI0->CLKDIV = 0XFFFF;
    g_pTWI0->MSTRADDR = 0X0020; // U40
    g_pTWI0->CTL = TWI_CTL_EN;

    WriteRegisterValue(0X15, 0X3E);    // write OLATB (output latch B)

    for (unsigned char address = 0; address <= 0X15; address++)
    {
        regValues[address] = ReadRegisterValue(address);
    }


    while (1)                   
    {
    }
}

 

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First jState supporting Development Suite released

by Crossware 3. May 2012 15:01

jState is our new Javascript simulator extension interface.  With the V8 Javascript engine integrated into the environment, extending the Crossware Cortex-M3 simulator is fast and simple.

The STM32 Development Suite is the first package to incorporate jState and a new evaluation version is available: STM32 Development Suite Download.

For an introduction to jState see: jState Overview

For more details see:  jState Documentation

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Fast variable bit-stream output in C on Cortex-M3

by Crossware 6. October 2011 13:36

In the previous post we described a method of outputting a fixed bit pattern to a port pin.  The method we used will work on all ARM chips - ARM7, ARM9 and Cortex-M3.  The result was a single write instruction for each output bit.

In this post we will use the bit-banding of the Cortex-M3 core to achieve a fast output of a variable bit stream.

The Cortex-M3 core has two bit-banded regions:

1. on-chip SRAM space starting at address 0X20000000 and

2. on-chip peripheral space starting at address 0X40000000.

To read or write a single bit in the on-chip SRAM space we write into the bit-banded region starting at 0X22000000.

To read or write a single bit in the on-chip peripheral space we write into the bit-banded region starting at 0X42000000.

The ARM documentation give the algorithm to calculate a bit address.  Using this information, we have defined four macros to simplify our coding:

#define byte_base_difference 0X20000000
#define byte_offset(a) (((unsigned long)&(a)) - byte_base_difference)
#define bit_word_offset(a, bit_number) ((byte_offset(a) * 32) + (bit_number * 4))
#define bit_word_addr(a, bit_number, bit_band_base) (bit_band_base + bit_word_offset(a, bit_number))

Now if we define a variable such as:

unsigned long nDWord;

the address of the first bit of this variable will be:

#define addrbit0 (unsigned long*)bit_word_addr(nDWord, 0, 0X22000000)

We can write a 32-bit value into nDWord using a normal assignment, and we can read it one bit at a time using the appropriate bit-band address.  Using this method we avoid the need to do any shifting.  (By the way, this method of avoiding shifts has been possible on the 8051 microcontroller for the last 30 years!)

Similarly we can use the same macros to define the address of a bit in an on-chip peripheral register.  For instance the address of bit 12 of the EFM32 port A data out register is:

#define addrDoutPA12 (unsigned long*)bit_word_addr(g_pGPIO->PA_DOUT, 12, 0X42000000)

We can use this address to write to this bit and set or clear pin PA12.  (Not forgetting to enable the GPIO clock and configure PA12 as an output using the GPIO graphical wizard.)

We can assign these addresses to locally defined pointers to ensure that the addresses are kept in registers:

unsigned long* pBit = addrbit0;
unsigned long* pPin = addrDoutPA12;

Then for instance to output bit 2 of nDWord to PA12, we can use a simple assignment:

*pPin = *(pBit + 2);

 Here is a function that will write all 32 bits of nDWord to PA12:

void output_pattern(unsigned long nPattern)
{
    nDWord = nPattern;         // get the bit-stream bits into bit-banded SRAM
    // local variables so that the reside in registers:
    unsigned long* pBit = addrbit0;
    unsigned long* pPin = addrDoutPA12;

    *pPin = *(pBit + 0);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 1);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 2);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 3);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 4);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 5);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 6);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 7);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 8);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 9);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 10);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 11);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 12);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 13);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 14);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 15);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 16);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 17);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 18);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 19);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 20);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 21);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 22);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 23);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 24);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 25);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 26);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 27);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 28);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 29);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 30);
    *pPin = *(pBit + 31);
}

 

The result is two instructions per line.  One to read the bit from SRAM and the next to write it to the port's data out register:

    LDR    R2,[R1]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#4]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#8]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#12]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#16]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#20]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#24]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#28]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#32]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#36]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#40]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#44]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#48]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#52]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#56]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#60]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#64]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#68]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#72]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#76]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#80]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#84]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#88]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#92]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#96]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#100]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#104]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#108]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#112]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#116]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#120]
    STR    R2,[R0]
    LDR    R2,[R1,#124]
    STR    R2,[R0]

On an EFM32G890 chip running at 14MHz, outputting 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1 etc gave the following waveform:

 

Copyright © 2011 Crossware Products. All rights reserved.

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Fast bit-stream output in C on ARM

by Crossware 5. October 2011 16:40

To output a bit-stream on an ARM chip, it is necessary to write to the registers of the GPIO peripheral.

On an Energy Micro EFM32 chip and many other ARM chips, there are separate GPIO peripheral registers to set and clear output pins.  This separation into SET and CLEAR registers enables one or more pins to be set or cleared with a single write operation.

However simply writing a constant into one of these registers will produce more than a single CPU write operation.  Due to the RISC nature of the ARM chip, the value of the constant and the address of the GPIO peripheral register must be in CPU registers.  So the compiler must generate code to:

1. load the constant into a CPU register,

2. load the address of the GPIO peripheral register into a CPU register and

3. perform the write operation

Depending on the address of the GPIO peripheral register, on a Cortex-M3 chip this may required 4 CPU instructions as follows:

g_pGPIO->PA_DOUTSET = 2;     // set PA1

    MOV    R0,#24592
    MOVT    R0,#16384
    MOV    R1,#2
    STR    R1,[R0]

Only the final STR instruction is setting the pin, the other three instructions are loading the CPU registers.

On an ARM7 or ARM9 chip, the address of the GPIO peripheral register may need to be stored in a memory pool requiring a data read from memory.  Even less efficient.

A bit-stream requires a sequence of writes.  To make sure that once loaded the CPU register stay loaded, the value of the constant and the address of the GPIO peripheral register can be pre-assigned to local variables.

By default the compiler will allocate the local variables to registers.

So if this is the C code:

 main()

{
    unsigned long nBit = 2;
    unsigned long* pSet = &g_pGPIO->PA_DOUTSET;
    unsigned long* pClear = &g_pGPIO->PA_DOUTCLR;
    while (1)
    {
        *pSet = nBit;       //set PA1
        *pClear = nBit;    // clear PA1
        *pSet = nBit;
        *pClear = nBit;
        *pSet = nBit;
        *pClear = nBit;
        *pSet = nBit;
        *pClear = nBit;
        *pSet = nBit;
        *pClear = nBit;
        *pSet = nBit;
        *pClear = nBit;
        *pSet = nBit;
        *pClear = nBit;
        *pSet = nBit;
        *pClear = nBit;
        *pSet = nBit;
        *pClear = nBit;
        *pSet = nBit;
        *pClear = nBit;
    }

}

The resulting CPU instructions generated by the compiler are:

    MOV    R2,#24592
    MOVT    R2,#16384
    MOV    R1,#2
    STR    R1,[R2]
    MOV    R0,#24596
    MOVT    R0,#16384
.@8
    STR    R1,[R0]
    STR    R1,[R2]
    STR    R1,[R0]
    STR    R1,[R2]
    STR    R1,[R0]
    STR    R1,[R2]
    STR    R1,[R0]
    STR    R1,[R2]
    STR    R1,[R0]
    STR    R1,[R2]
    STR    R1,[R0]
    STR    R1,[R2]
    STR    R1,[R0]
    STR    R1,[R2]
    STR    R1,[R0]
    STR    R1,[R2]
    STR    R1,[R0]
    STR    R1,[R2]
    STR    R1,[R0]
    B    .@8

The compiler has generated a continues uninterrupted seqeuence of writes.

This post shows how efficiently output a fixed bit-stream.  In the next post we will be looking at how to output a variable bit-stream.

Copyright © 2011 Crossware Products. All rights reserved.

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Jaguar with slow running EFM32 microcontrollers

by Crossware 23. September 2011 21:14

If the Core clock of an Energy Micro EFM32 microcontroller is running slow, then it may be necessary for the operating frequency of Jaguar to be reduced.

To change the operating frequency of Jaguar, choose Project->Settings->Debug and select a Jaguar frequency divisor from the drop-down list.  Allowable divisors are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32.  The default when EFM32 firmware is installed is 1.

We experimented with the an EFM32G890 running from it's default 14MHz high speed internal RC clock and obtained the following results.

EFM Core Clock Divider     Required Jaguar Clock Divider
64 (220kHz)     32
32 (440kHz)     <=16
16 (880kHz)     <=8
8 (1.75MHz)     <=4
4 (3.5MHz)     <=2
2 (7MHz)     <=1
1 (14MHz)     <=1

If the EFM32 Core clock was divided by by 128, Jaguar was not able to run slow enough and so lost control.  In this situation, a mass erase may be required before Jaguar can take control again.

Keep in mind that the EFM32 high speed RC clock does not operate at a precise frequency and so our tests may not have been done at a base frequency of exactly 14MHz.

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Atmel SAM3S Cortex-M3 based microcontrollers supported

by Crossware 5. September 2011 16:15

The Development Suite for ARM now includes comprehensive support for the Atmel SAM3S Cortex-M3 based microcontroller family.

The ARM Training System is available fitted with an Atmel SAM3S.

 

(If you require support for the SAM3N family, please let us know.)

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Support for Energy Micro Cortex-M3 based microcontrollers formally announced

by Crossware 29. July 2011 16:09

We have formally announced support for the Energy Micro Gecko and Tiny Gecko chips:

News release

The Energy Micro third party support page now includes a a link to our web site.

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